The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) and the Swedish Chemicals Agency have concluded a comprehensive evaluation of Imidazolium compounds, 2-C17-unsatd.-alkyl-1-(2-C18-unsatd. amidoethyl)-4,5-dihydro-N-methyl, Me sulfates (EC 931-745-8), identifying significant risks for soil and sediment environments under certain industrial and consumer usage scenarios.
Regulatory Background and Substance Profile
The substance, commonly known as an oleic-acid-based quaternary ammonium compound (IQAC), was included in the Community Rolling Action Plan (CoRAP) due to suspected concerns for environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and high exposure potential under the REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006. Initial concerns pointed to possible persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) effects as well as high risk characterisation ratios (RCRs) for soil and sediment exposure.
Key Findings from the Evaluation
The evaluation by the Swedish Chemicals Agency revealed that Imidazolium compounds exhibit high adsorption potential in soil and sediment, with limited biodegradability under environmental conditions. This led to concerns over long-term environmental presence, particularly in contexts such as the pulp and paper industry, vehicle cleaning, and consumer products like polishes and textiles.
Environmental Hazard Assessment
The substance poses risks to aquatic and terrestrial organisms, especially within industrial sectors where effluent discharges may elevate its concentration in nearby water bodies and sediments. Testing confirmed the substance's toxicity to sediment-dwelling and soil organisms, exacerbated by its limited biodegradation and potential for bioaccumulation.
Consumer and Professional Use Concerns
The compound’s use in vehicle cleaning products and consumer goods like waxes and polishes may expose sensitive environments due to widespread dispersive applications. Notably, car wash facilities and other professional settings have been flagged for potential soil and sediment contamination risks.
Recommendations for Risk Management
The evaluators advised against using sewage sludge containing these compounds as agricultural fertilisers, particularly where high concentration risks exist. In addition, reduction measures for emissions from identified high-risk industrial sources were recommended. While no immediate EU regulatory follow-up is required, the registrant is encouraged to update the substance’s Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNECs) and consider revised risk characterisations based on updated tonnage and usage data.
The findings highlight the environmental persistence and potential risk of Imidazolium compounds in industrial and consumer applications. Monitoring and updating PNEC levels and usage scenarios remain essential steps for ensuring the substance’s safe use across sectors. Further regulatory actions may be considered if updated data continues to signal environmental risks.
