On 17 October 2024, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) upheld the ban on lead ammunition in and around wetland areas, rejecting an appeal by the Firearms United Network and individual gun owners from Poland. The ban, part of the European Commission’s 2021 regulation to limit environmental and health risks associated with lead, mandates strict prohibitions within 100 metres of wetlands, reinforcing the European Union’s commitment to reducing lead pollution.
Background of the Lead REACH Restriction
The case centres on the 2021 update to Annex XVII of the EU’s REACH regulation (Regulation No 1907/2006), which restricts the use of certain harmful chemicals. The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), following an EU mandate, concluded in 2017 that lead ammunition poses serious risks to ecosystems, particularly in wetland habitats where waterfowl often ingest lead pellets, leading to lead poisoning across species. To mitigate this, the regulation prohibits lead ammunition discharge within wetlands and mandates a minimum 100-metre restriction zone. The Court’s ruling confirms the validity of these provisions, marking a significant step in the EU’s chemical safety and environmental policies.
Appeal Arguments and Court Ruling
The Firearms United Network, alongside three Polish hunters, argued that the ban infringes on fundamental rights, including the freedom to hunt and the presumption of innocence under EU law. They contended that alternative non-lead ammunition options may be less effective or economically viable for hunters and sports shooters. However, the CJEU’s Tenth Chamber found that sufficient, effective lead-free alternatives such as steel and bismuth shot are available and economically feasible. Furthermore, the Court underscored that the regulation’s presumption, which considers any person carrying lead ammunition in wetland zones as intending to discharge it there, is justified to enforce the restriction effectively.
Court’s Justification and Environmental Rationale
Supporting the environmental rationale, the Court highlighted the availability of safer, comparably priced substitutes that reduce health and ecological risks. The CJEU dismissed claims of procedural bias and deemed expert consultations on environmental and health effects unnecessary, citing ample scientific backing from the ECHA and related EU bodies.
Implications for Future Regulations
The ruling not only reinforces the current lead ban but also signals the EU’s readiness to uphold environmental restrictions in line with sustainable development principles. The decision reflects the EU’s broader commitment to reducing toxic substances, emphasising a precautionary approach to public health and biodiversity preservation.
The CJEU’s decision underscores the EU’s firm stance on environmental protection over industry concerns, ensuring that hunting practices in wetland zones align with ecological safety standards. This precedent strengthens the regulatory framework for future chemical restrictions under REACH, furthering the EU’s sustainable policy agenda.
