ECHA RAC Releases Scientific Evaluation on Occupational Exposure Limits for 1,3-Butadiene

Carcinogenicity of 1,3-Butadiene

The evaluation recognises 1,3-butadiene (1,3-BD) as a potent carcinogen, particularly affecting workers in industries involving synthetic rubber production. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified 1,3-BD as “carcinogenic to humans” based on occupational studies, animal models, and evidence of a genotoxic mechanism driven by reactive metabolites. Epidemiological data from studies in the US and Canada show an association between prolonged exposure to 1,3-BD in styrene-butadiene rubber manufacturing workers and increased rates of leukaemia​​.

No Health-Based OEL, but Cancer Exposure-Risk Relationship Established

Given 1,3-BD’s non-threshold carcinogenic nature, RAC found it impossible to establish a safe OEL for long-term occupational exposure. Instead, the committee proposed an exposure-risk relationship (ERR), which calculates an excess lifetime cancer risk based on 1,3-BD concentrations. According to the ERR, a workplace air concentration of 0.065 ppm of 1,3-BD corresponds to an excess lifetime cancer risk of 4 cases per 100,000 workers over a 40-year exposure period​.

Critical Health Effects and Metabolic Differences

Although 1,3-BD poses significant cancer risks, RAC’s analysis also highlighted ovarian atrophy as a critical non-cancer effect in animal models. However, species-specific metabolic differences hinder establishing a direct human relevance. Studies showed that mice, in particular, displayed ovarian toxicity at relatively low concentrations, but the varied metabolism of 1,3-BD across species raises uncertainties for human risk assessment​.

Recommendations for Monitoring and Risk Management

RAC recommends biomonitoring for 1,3-BD exposure using specific urinary biomarkers like DHBMA and MHBMA in workplaces, especially where workers are also exposed to compounds such as chloroprene or smoke. However, RAC did not suggest a biological limit value (BLV) due to the limited data on baseline levels in the EU population and the influence of external factors like smoking​.

Groups at Extra Risk

The RAC’s evaluation identified particular groups at higher risk, including workers with certain genetic polymorphisms that increase sensitivity to 1,3-BD metabolites. Additionally, women of reproductive age may be at elevated risk due to the compound’s potential ovarian toxicity.