When to watch.When to act.

Five episodes affected 13 people; rapid nausea and vomiting followed fried rice held at room temperature, and control of cooling and batch-mixing practices stopped high counts.

an 11-year-old died about 15 hours after noodles; autopsy found gastroenteritis and fatty degeneration, and B. cereus was isolated.

the emetic factor was distinguished from diarrhoeal toxins and described as a highly stable compound under 5 kDa.

Dairy B. cereus isolates produced diarrhoeal toxin in milk under some low-temperature conditions, showing that dairy adaptation and toxin phenotype require strain-level attention.

A chemically pure cyclic dodecadepsipeptide was isolated from an emetic B. cereus culture and named cereulide; MS, NMR and degradation established its structure.

Among 261 products from 17 countries, approximately 54% contained B. cereus at 0.3–600 CFU/g; low counts could multiply after reconstitution and room-temperature storage.

The 1995 publication identifies cereulide as responsible for emetic activity.

Established cereulide as a 36-membered cyclic depsipeptide and characterised its stereochemistry and alkali-metal complexation, with selectivity for potassium and rubidium.

Of 100 reconstituted formula samples, 63 supported B. cereus growth after 14 hours at 25°C; four maltodextrin-containing samples yielded diarrhoeal enterotoxin.

A 17-year-old developed fatal liver failure and rhabdomyolysis after contaminated food; mitochondrial fatty-acid oxidation impairment was implicated.

Loss of sperm motility provided a sensitive bioassay for cereulide-like toxin; non-emetic strains remained negative even at much higher cell concentrations.

Developed a quantitative HEp-2 MTT assay whose titres correlated with transient vacuolation; seven of 13 tested B. cereus strains were positive, while tested other species were negative.

synthetic cereulide caused dose-related mouse liver pathology that subsequently receded, supporting reversibility within the study design.

cereulide was highly selective for potassium, collapsed mitochondrial membrane potential and stimulated potassium-dependent swelling and respiration.

seven emetic strains were examined in skim-milk medium over 10–40°C; toxin was detected from about 12–37°C and the bioassay suggested substantial production at lower temperatures.

cereulide was quantified in 13 of 14 outbreak foods; farinaceous foods supported high production, while non-aerated milk and soya milk supported small quantities.

HPLC-ion-trap MS detected 10 pg per injection; toxin began after logarithmic growth, was independent of sporulation, increased strongly with shaking, was high at 21°C and minimal at ≤8°C or 40°C.

toxin activity was much lower in static culture, absent anaerobically, and not correlated with spore count.

Cereulide caused mitochondrial membrane-potential loss in human cell lines at concentrations similar to those affecting boar sperm; LC-MS and bioassay estimates agreed in implicated food.

oxygen strongly promoted toxin formation; leucine and valine increased production, and boiling did not remove preformed toxin.

Standardised enumeration at 30°C, while explicitly limiting identification to presumptive B. cereus because closely related group members are not distinguished.

Multiple typing methods placed the tested emetic isolates in one low-diversity cluster; they were typically starch- and salicin-negative, weakly haemolytic and Hbl-negative.

Gene disruption produced cereulide-deficient mutants, and a ces-targeted PCR was specific to cereulide-producing strains across the tested panels.

The assessment treated temperature control and HACCP as major controls, recognised dehydrated foods and fragile consumers, and informed the later infant-formula process criterion.

five siblings became ill after stored pasta salad and a seven-year-old died with liver failure; emetic isolates were demonstrated.

verified emetic producers were rare across a large Swedish dairy-chain isolate collection, although local clonal amplification occurred.

Introduced MPN detection and enumeration for low numbers of viable presumptive B. cereus in foods and production environments.

Cereulide-producing B. cereus was isolated from commercial infant foods; inoculated reconstituted foods accumulated 2–200 µg cereulide per 100 mL during 24 hours unrefrigerated, with cereal-dairy formulations most supportive.

Seventeen emetic strains did not grow below 10°C in this collection, grew at 48°C and had higher average spore heat resistance than non-emetic strains.

Defined the seven-gene 24 kb cesHPTABCD cluster and placed it on a pXO1-like megaplasmid; non-emetic related strains could contain similar plasmid backbones without the ces locus.

environmental B. cereus was common but emetic-toxin-producing isolates were rare.

Two soil isolates grew at 6°C and produced measured cereulide at 8°C; absolute output at 8–15°C was low, while output at 25°C was much higher.

purified cereulide was highly cytotoxic in sensitive cell assays, while genotoxicity and Ames tests were negative below cytotoxic concentrations.

Common enterotoxins, several mycotoxins and preservatives did not interfere at relevant concentrations; seven of 14 foods supported detectable toxin despite 11 reaching >8 log CFU/g, and 10 of 33 suspect samples were positive.

Complete sequencing identified pCER270 as an approximately 270 kb pXO1-like plasmid carrying the ces cluster and showed substantial unique DNA relative to other pXO1-like plasmids.

A ces-targeted real-time PCR identified emetic B. cereus within two hours in tested outbreak materials and distinguished it from another emesis-causing pathogen.

For dried infant formula and specified medical foods for infants under six months, n=5, c=1, m=50 and M=500 CFU/g at end of manufacture; actions are production-hygiene improvement, recontamination prevention and raw-material selection.

Cereulide retained remarkable activity after testing at 100°C, 121°C and 150°C; apparent loss at highly alkaline pH could reverse, so ordinary food heat treatments could not be relied on for inactivation.

seven strains showed strong matrix- and strain-dependent toxin production; skim/raw-milk agars generally supported low toxin despite growth, and potassium-to-sodium ratio, glycine and sodium were predictive variables.

Classified B. cereus causality through powdered formula as not demonstrated at the time, while requiring HACCP-based incoming-ingredient controls, supplier verification, dry-area hygiene, environmental monitoring and prompt use or refrigeration after reconstitution.

Cereulide and valinomycin had similar higher-order frameworks, but cereulide showed stronger metal complexation and potassium-selective ionophore activity at lower concentrations.

Seventy-three potential emetic isolates were found; none of 460 tested B. thuringiensis, B. mycoides or B. pseudomycoides were PCR-positive, and a psychrotolerant producer cluster showed variable chromosomal/plasmid ces location.

A 13C6-cereulide internal standard improved matrix correction and produced recovery of 104–111% in tested rice matrices, outperforming valinomycin as surrogate standard.

Synthetic cereulide showed biological activity and enabled reliable LC-MS quantification with recovery near 100% across tested foods; valinomycin produced systematically different estimates.

polyphosphate blends reduced toxin synthesis independently of growth at low levels and reduced measured toxin in inoculated reconstituted infant food and oat milk.

At 25°C, toxin reached about 500 ng/g by day three and approximately 1,000 ng/g by day seven; no toxin was detected at 4°C, while one strain gave a below-LOQ signal after two days at 8°C.

fortified infant milk powder and three foods achieved estimated LOQ ≤1 µg/kg with reported trueness and precision.

five-day room-temperature spaghetti contained 14.8 µg/g measured cereulide and was associated with sudden adult death.

valinomycin-calibrated LC-MS² validation was principally in rice, with 0.5 ng-equivalent/g detection and 77–101% recoveries.

Paenibacillus tundrae produced paenilide/homopaenilide from 5–28°C; the compounds were potassium ionophores with mammalian-cell toxicity similar to cereulide but the organism was cesB-negative.

A 15-year-old developed reversible fulminant liver failure with rhabdomyolysis after pasta consumption; the authors argued recognition of B. cereus could prevent unnecessary transplantation.

rice-dish toxin prevalence increased after 25°C storage, showing sample handling can alter measured status.

UPLC-TOF profiling separated strains into no/low, medium and high producers, confirmed selected samples by isotope-dilution LC-MS/MS, and found differences from HEp-2 assay classifications.

Multiplex qPCR combined gyrB, 16S and ces targets with an internal control; artificial-milk LOD was approximately 1.91×10³ spores/mL with mean recovery 81%.

rapid LC-MS/MS gave 0.1 ng/mL LOD and 0.5 ng/mL LOQ, with full precision data principally for boiled rice.

B. cereus isolates from powdered infant milk carried one or more enterotoxin genes; the investigation focused on HBL, NHE and CytK rather than cereulide.

In 200 sampled infant foods, 84 were B. cereus-positive at 30–93 spores/g; enterotoxin genes were common, but cereulide or ces was not measured.

Six potato-tuber isolates produced 1–100 ng cereulide/mg wet biomass; purified toxin depolarised several mammalian-cell mitochondria, and 30–60 ng/mL induced rapid cellular potassium loss.

TaqMan and SYBR assays targeting ces identified tested emetic strains within 1–1.5 h; suggested food detection limit was 10⁴–10⁵ CFU/g.

reporter assays found broad emetic-strain food distribution and strong promoter activity in several reconstituted dairy/cereal infant-food models.

ces clusters occurred on plasmids and chromosomes; a putative Tnces arrangement was identified in psychrotolerant isolates, and a marked derivative transposed in E. coli.

Reported a first lifesaving emergency hepatectomy and subsequent liver transplant for severe liver failure and rhabdomyolysis attributed to cereulide intoxication.

20 toddlers developed vomiting and leftovers contained cereulide up to 4.2 µg/g.

isotope dilution delivered 1 ng/g LOQ in rice/pasta and showed valinomycin would understate cereulide roughly twofold under study conditions.

Marxen, Stark, Frenzel and co-authors identified at least 18 variants including isocereulides A–G; purified isocereulide A was about eightfold more cytotoxic than cereulide in HEp-2 cells.

amylase pretreatment improved extraction and reproducibility in starch-rich pasta/rice; method also covered cream.

Identified di-, tetra-, hexa-, octa-, deca- and dodecadepsipeptide intermediates and proposed cooperative CesA/CesB assembly inconsistent with a simpler canonical NRPS model.

SIDA quantified cereulide and isocereulides A–G with sub-ng/g sensitivity and applied the method to suspicious noodles.

CesH affected transcription, redundant phosphopantetheinyl transferases supported NRPS activation, and CesCD deletion abolished measured cereulide despite continued NRPS expression.

PMA-multiplex PCR detected viable cells carrying cytK, nheA and hblD after enrichment at about 22 CFU/g in spiked foods, including milk powder; it did not target ces or cereulide.

a raw-milk isolate was a high cereulide producer; intravenous rabbit testing gave a mean elimination half-life of 10.8 hours.

EFSA stated that routine presumptive counts do not resolve group members, cereulide may coexist with low cell counts, no commonly used industrial control inactivates the toxin, and growth, toxin formation and risk are strain- and matrix-dependent.

multi-analyte LC-MS/MS was validated across maize, wheat, rice and pasta with 84–106% recovery.

four strains produced maximal parent toxin around 33–37°C; production nearly ceased at 43–46°C, while relative isocereulide A was highest at 12–15°C.

Established an international LC-MS/MS method for quantitative cereulide analysis in foods intended for human consumption.

process-context only; multi-stage Mortierella alpina fermentation mapped oxygen, agitation, biomass, lipid and ARA yield but measured no cereulide or B. cereus.

No growth or toxin production occurred at 8°C over 48 hours; at 15°C and 24°C growth and Nhe, Hbl and cereulide production occurred, with cereulide detected at high populations under abuse conditions.

interlaboratory validation covered seven spiked matrices including infant formula and supported ISO 18465.

In 6,656 Chinese market samples, 7.53% contained at least 10 CFU/g and 1.11% exceeded 100 CFU/g; prevalence varied by region and season.

oral pig dosing produced neurological signs and measurable tissue distribution; repeated dosing suggested accumulation, but the authors called this preliminary.

milk-specific LC-MS/MS achieved 2 µg/kg LOQ; 17 Tokyo milk samples were negative.

direct-smear MALDI classified cultured isolates with reported 99.1% accuracy.

MALDI/LDI detected culture-derived cereulide and some variant signal, while toxin was absent from some foods despite growth.

Confirmed review: summarises industrial entry routes, process persistence and HACCP implications.

blinded eight-strain classification succeeded; LDI sensitivity gain was smaller and less reproducible than previously reported.

Confirmed review: genes and organism counts do not necessarily predict toxin activity; preformed cereulide can persist without viable cells.

Growth rate and time to measurable cereulide depended differently on temperature and matrix; cereal ranked highest for toxin formation, dairy intermediate and meat or vegetable matrices lowest.

NMR, hydrolysis and MS sequencing revised isocereulide A from an O-Leu-containing proposal to a structure containing one L-O-Ile unit.

In experiments with purified cereulide spiked into cow milk and sunflower-oil-enriched milk, increasing fat shifted more toxin into the lipid phase. The study did not test ARA oil or naturally contaminated formula.

ARA-refining process context only; enzymatic/ultrasound degumming reduced phosphorus but measured no cereulide or microbial hazard.

28-day oral mouse exposure at 50 and 200 µg/kg induced liver/kidney oxidative stress, inflammation, ER stress and apoptosis; 10 µg/kg lacked obvious histopathology in this model.

cereulide was associated with cells, biofilm matrix and contacted glass/stainless steel rather than only surrounding liquid.

outbreak food contained 37±11 µg/g; the twice-exposed patient had acute liver failure and toxin was measured in clinical specimens.

structures H–N were characterised and HEp-2 potency varied around the parent toxin.

Two sisters became ill after stored pasta; an 11-year-old developed liver failure, rhabdomyolysis, coagulopathy and kidney injury, whereas a smaller exposure in her sister caused milder illness.

FDA required or urged end-to-end controls, hazard analysis for raw materials without a lethal step, supplier verification, environmental monitoring, root-cause investigation and identification of all relevant biological hazards.

Lactose-free milk produced 13-fold more cereulide than whole milk; restoring lactose reduced toxin by 91%, and lactose inhibited all six tested emetic strains in laboratory medium.

targeted LC-MS/MS was validated for specified foods and faeces with isotope-labelled internal standard.

combined temperature, pH and water activity altered growth and measured cereulide non-linearly; at 45°C cells reached about 7 log CFU/mL while toxin remained below the 0.1 ng/g LOQ in tested combinations.

external-calibration QuEChERS screening in fried rice had 2 µg/kg LOQ and product-ion confirmation.

isocereulides were about 10% of toxin-family mass but contributed about 40% of HEp-2 cytotoxicity in tested natural-ratio blends.

spray-drying/microencapsulation context only; the study evaluated ARA-oil encapsulation and particle properties but no cereulide or microbiological endpoint.

FDA described acetonitrile extraction with isotope-labelled internal standard and UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS; validation matrices included infant formula, and positive identification requires two product ions and quality checks.

Mortierella fermentation context only; heterogeneous nutrient/oxygen gradients and ARA yield were studied without cereulide measurement.

ten laboratories characterised a spiked cooked-rice candidate material at 11.25 µg/kg; long-term stability and final certification were still pending.

Three formula lots were recalled after B. cereus and cereulide were reported during self-checking at a Netherlands plant; other production lots were excluded.

One formula-powder lot was recalled after B. cereus was detected on a limited part of a production line; no illnesses had been reported and other formula products were excluded.

One lot was recalled for possible B. cereus, with vomiting and diarrhoea advice; it had been nationally distributed but cereulide and ARA were not disclosed.

two lots were withdrawn after a production-line B. cereus finding.

Several EU states had recalled infant-formula batches after manufacturer self-checks in the Netherlands; Austria said it was not affected and described the heat-stable cereulide hazard.

The authority recorded that a single batch was recalled on 10 December and publicly alerted on 11 December; later versions added products and changed the explanation to cereulide in an oil.

Cereulide was found in a raw material used in two specified formula batches sold domestically; caregivers were told not to use them.

Multiple standard, specialist and premature-infant formula batches were recalled nationwide for cereulide; on 3 February three additional products or dates were added.

Multiple formula and follow-on-formula batches were declared unsafe because of possible cereulide; the notice did not name ARA oil.

Official retail samples measured 0.50 ± 0.16 and 0.70 ± 0.22 µg/kg; risk was potentially serious and no cases or symptoms were reported at notification.

Saudi authorities warned against specified formula batches and reported no known related illness at that time.

local manufacturer notice recalls specified lots over a potentially contaminated external-supplier ingredient and reports no confirmed case at that time.

Sale, distribution and use of specified lots were prohibited; the regulator described a Netherlands factory, a global third-party oil ingredient and a worldwide voluntary recall.

The article stated cereulide was detected in ARA oil and quoted the lead manufacturer saying all ARA oil and corresponding mixes were being tested; no illnesses were confirmed.

Foodwatch alleged fragmented disclosure, questioned delayed global recall and traceability, and said authorities knew in December; it described the raw material as not yet publicly traced.

The first UK update corrected best-before dates for recalled formula batches; it continued to describe cereulide risk without publicly identifying ARA.

The association described an arachidonic-acid-rich oil made using Mortierella as the likely vehicle, advised preserving product for analysis and reported no intoxication then known.

Portuguese authorities monitored withdrawal effectiveness and traceability; no illness was reported.

France recalled potentially contaminated infant formula with distribution to numerous EU countries and third countries; the RASFF risk decision was potentially serious.

Very low cereulide levels were reported in supplied ARA-rich oil; numerous infant, follow-on and young-child product batches were recalled, with no associated illness or adverse events reported.

two imported-batch samples were below the <0.20 µg/kg LOQ, while distribution/import controls and recall supervision continued.

one specialist reflux-formula batch was added through traceability work.

SAMR required recall of mainland-China batches and stated the company had implemented it.

SFA found cereulide in two batches, ordered recall and export controls, and reported one mild likely associated case without confirmatory clinical testing.

The NGO asked when ARA contamination was identified, why December recalls were limited, what suppliers disclosed and what 2025 contamination levels and illness reports existed.

Authorities publicly linked the event to Chinese-supplied ARA-rich oil, said another manufacturer recalled six batches, and required manufacturers using the ingredient to assess each marketed lot.

Two local formula batches were withdrawn because a French supplier could not exclude contaminated raw material; one batch had not been imported, and a separately recalled French product range had no registered or imported product in Taiwan.

The regulator had received two reports of children becoming ill after consuming the formula; it did not confirm causation and continued tracing affected products and raw material.

Five batches from one company and two batches from another were recalled over an ingredient-linked cereulide risk; other batches were said to be safe and no Australian illnesses were reported.

Confirmed company statement: additional targeted analyses were said to support general compliance while a limited recall was initiated under evolving guidance.

Thai FDA found no authorisation or identified sale of the recalled products.

Confirmed vendor claim: ISO-based testing was offered for oils, powders and milk powder, with ces testing described as complementary.

Gastrointestinal reports followed recalled-product consumption; no severe cases had been reported to ECDC and one toxin-positive infant recovered; EFSA was asked to derive an infant ARfD.

A priority question asked when the Commission learned of ingredient risk and deaths, whether sourcing and notification rules were adequate and whether the framework required review.

The minister said all manufacturers using the implicated Chinese ARA oil had been ordered to analyse oil lots, assess every potentially contaminated formula lot and recall suspected dangerous products.

Routine checks after equipment installation at a Netherlands plant found low cereulide levels; production stopped and finished-product contamination was confirmed in early December.

Tests on 23–24 December attributed contamination to an oil blend containing supplier ARA oil; the company says it stopped implicated mixes, informed the supplier on 29 December and trade associations on 30 December.

The company described more than 400 analyses, supplier notification, trade-association outreach, authority notifications from 2 January and recalls from 5 January.

Foodwatch alleged delayed warnings, defective recalls, deception and endangerment; eight families joined with reported gastrointestinal illness and hospitalisation.

senator raised supplier, recall-timing and strategic-dependence allegations; minister said deaths were not causally established and defended staged recalls.

two more batches tested positive; SFA described completion of testing of products then sold by major retailers and three recovered mild cases.

company disputed delay/negligence allegations and claimed supplier and trade-association notifications on 29–30 December.

France reduced the working value from 0.03 to 0.014 µg/kg body weight and required immediate use in manufacturer assessments, anticipating further recalls.

EFSA derived an ARfD of 0.014 µg/kg bw; concentrations above 0.054 µg/L in reconstituted infant formula and 0.1 µg/L in follow-on formula may exceed it using high-consumption assumptions.

A recent recalled product exceeded the new ARfD several times; products testing positive in December remained assessed as not presenting a health concern.

Three additional formula products or durability dates were added to the existing cereulide recall.

The recall was extended to one additional 800 g batch distributed only in Northern Ireland; affected products were considered unsafe to consume.

B. cereus was recovered after enrichment from 44.6% of 83 formulas, but enumerable counts were only 10 CFU/g in three products; 28.6% of 42 isolates carried ces, while no formula was directly shown to contain cereulide.

proposed parliamentary inquiry concerned responsibility, controls, sanctions and data access.

Confirmed association position: supported harmonised thresholds and analytical methods and described ARA-oil occurrence as uncommon.

BfR distinguished preformed toxin introduced through ARA oil from bacterial growth in dry formula and said it knew of no prior literature report in infant milk powder.

no commercial import of recalled products was confirmed on 26 January; the statement that domestic formula did not use implicated ingredients belongs to the 4 February amendment.

three lots were added after revised European risk assessment.

one lot sold at two named outlets was recalled for possible cereulide.

A supplier said its ARA products were unaffected and advocated ownership of fermentation-to-oil production, GFSI systems, microbiological monitoring, HACCP and external audits.

company expanded recall after revised EFSA guidance while maintaining reassurance for non-listed products.

Limits were set at 0.054 µg/L or 0.43 µg/kg powder for infant formula and 0.1 µg/L or 0.8 µg/kg powder for follow-on formula; exceedance requires withdrawal, recall and notification.

Belgian scope expanded across multiple product formats following revised European advice.

Japanese quarantine stations were instructed to hold declared Chinese ARA-oil consignments and require incident-link enquiries.

Confirmed NGO position: called for independent controls, data transparency and attention to unresolved long-term questions.

30 targeted formula samples produced one positive; three infant cases were investigated without toxin confirmation.

SAMR said recall was completed, no confirmed mainland poisoning case had been found, and all producers were directed to test for emetic toxin.

Cereulide testing was recommended for unexpected infant death or severe illness requiring hospitalisation after recalled formula; first stools and formula should be retained, while symptoms beginning after 12 hours were outside the protocol.

Foodwatch reported that five investigations were opened into possible endangerment, deception and recall failures; the investigation concerned multiple manufacturers and remained preliminary.

Confirmed NGO request: asked the Commission to investigate traceability, notification, supplier audit, testing capacity and evidence retention.

30 market samples were non-detects; two of three family-held samples were positive. BLV demanded review of response speed, testing and supplier oversight.

JRC announced a cooked-rice cereulide control material for validation and QC under ISO 18465.

The first limited European recall began on 10 December. Later official accounts conflict on the first RASFF transmission date; the Commission states it was alerted on 10 December and the notification issued on 12 December.

Denmark reported gastrointestinal-disease signals in infants after the December recall and countries were asked to share investigations.

A Swiss oil-mix producer detected cereulide in sampled oil mixes; retrospective analysis dated contamination to October 2024 through 2025, highest in July 2025, and mandatory testing of ARA and other fermented oils began by 5 January.

Authorities reported recalls from Spanish and Swiss plants within the lead manufacturing group for products using contaminated ARA oil or oil mixes and distributed inside and outside the EU.

Three follow-on-formula batches were recalled; two used a contaminated ARA lot, while the third contained an ARA batch reported negative by its oil producer.

A separate Swiss manufacturer recalled products made for three customers after contaminated Chinese-origin ARA passed through German and Dutch intermediaries into oil mixes.

Ireland recalled 16 batches after cereulide was detected in finished products during own checks; contaminated base powder made in Ireland also entered finished products manufactured in other Member States.

Seven countries reported symptomatic infants; some were hospitalised for dehydration, Belgium had eight clinical-sample positives, and large-scale recalls reduced current EU exposure likelihood to low while diagnostic and attribution uncertainty remained.

Confirmed company disclosure: claimed recall completion, alternative supply and extensive testing, and reported financial charges.

Confirmed NGO position: disputed broad no-illness messaging and advocated retaining suspect tins as possible evidence.

Confirmed association position: recalls and interruption of implicated supply were said to have reduced current exposure likelihood.

Covered Chinese-origin ARA oil requires official certification, laboratory results and 50% identity and physical checks. The prescribed analysis has a 0.1 µg/kg LOQ and requires water addition for powdered ARA oil. A transition provision ran to 26 April.

Eighteen samples prompted by more than 200 illness reports showed no measurable toxin and no new recalls; 37 reports concerned products outside existing warnings.

Saudi scope expanded to further product families; withdrawal was monitored and no related illness was reported.

FAVV itself recalled specified imported formula following RASFF notification.

The association consolidated affected lots, identified the reported Chinese ARA source and advised batch checks, non-use, return and medical review for persistent symptoms.

A victim association sought urgent changes to public-health messaging and testing access; the court rejected urgent relief, limiting the claim that existing communications were manifestly unlawful.

Confirmed consumer synthesis: reported a narrow 33-product private-test negative and tracked correction of prior manufacturer case wording.

A second multinational manufacturer revised its assessment after the EFSA value and recalled products across 18 EU and non-EU countries; Dutch authorities reported no indication of associated infant deaths.

The authority reported 13 cases, including two confirmed, and 160 tested formula samples. By its 30 April update at the latest, it explained that encapsulated ARA could enclose toxin and that standard preparation could yield lower results in powder than in the prepared bottle; its own preparation gave equivalent results.

The Commission said it was alerted on 10 December, the first RASFF notification issued on 12 December, existing tools were activated and no evidence showed EU rules inadequate; no comprehensive review was then planned.

WHO reported 144 suspected and confirmed cases across ten countries, eight confirmed in Belgium, distribution to 99 countries and territories, and moderate risk because infant vulnerability, traceability and case-detection gaps remained.

A company advertised 99.99% reduction. Disclosed endpoints of 200 to below 0.3 µg/kg establish only greater than 99.85% reduction; trials toward 0.1 µg/kg were ongoing.

continuing surveillance found another infant batch and a toddler-formula batch positive; no new compatible cases were reported.

All 39 reports involving other formula were checked; market samples contained no measurable cereulide, traceability found no additional products using the contaminated ARA and no new recalls resulted.

Training covered recent formula outbreaks, toxin biology, testing, persistence, supply-chain management and HACCP/HARPC controls; no primary dataset was published on the page.

one batch was toxin-positive and estimated newborn exposure of 0.018 µg/kg exceeded the 0.014 µg/kg ARfD.

BfR summarised the ARA pathway, import controls, lower-LOQ method work and unresolved chronic/case-attribution questions.

retrospective government account described priority testing for hospitalised cases and optional retention routes for other symptomatic families.

hydration before ACN increased response roughly fourfold; LOD 0.03 and LOQ 0.1 µg/kg; two naturally incurred controls assigned at 0.33 and 2.50 measured 0.37 and 2.56 µg/kg.

The mission reported delayed health escalation, three companies’ notable authority-notification delays, inadequate imported-ingredient controls, analytical-method problems and no unusual severe national health signal; it issued 14 recommendations.

The presenter claimed 0.05 µg/kg LOQ, 87–103% recovery and below-9% repeatability across powders, oils and emulsions, emphasising that viable-cell screening misses toxin.

A retail-surveillance sample possibly contained cereulide; 1,320 cans had been imported, 488 were sealed, stop-sale and precautionary recall were ordered, and no related complaint was recorded.

A laboratory described cereulide as an emerging chemical risk and promoted LC-MS/MS alongside microbiological methods, including newly implemented ISO 17025 capability.

ISO-style acetonitrile extraction measured about 0.2 ng/g in contaminated powder versus about 15 ng/g powder-equivalent after water reconstitution; encapsulated ARA similarly rose from about 23 to 750 ng/g equivalent.

The publisher conclusion reports average 14-fold underestimation by acetonitrile-only extraction in the tested powdered formula contaminated through oil. Water-acetonitrile QuEChERS extraction achieved 94.9–115% recovery and 0.05 µg/kg LOQ in the evaluated matrices.

The Commission reiterated third-country controls and audit or import-ban powers and identified the contaminated ingredient as fermentation-derived ARA oil; it linked future resilience to EU fermentation strategies.

Targeted testing of formula listing ARA or Mortierella oil ultimately showed one listed sample non-compliant for cereulide while hundreds of other entries were compliant.

matrix-specific methods were developed for ARA oil and microencapsulated ARA powder; validation used blank materials spiked at 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 µg/kg.

Confirmed company disclosure: recall effects persisted into Q2 and affected market recovery.

Confirmed management statement: shelf availability had normalised and a Q3 trust/quality campaign was planned.

one production cycle was positive below the EU intervention threshold; repeated-use risk could not be excluded and an adjacent lot was recalled.

Feedback closed on 29 September 2026. Checked on 20 October, the Commission still lists adoption for the first quarter of 2027. The finished-formula criterion remains proposed, separate from existing import controls.

explainer described the proposed 0.1 µg/kg criterion and consultation deadline of 29 September. It was still a draft on 25 September.

A narrative review argues for upstream ingredient surveillance and toxin-specific testing. The accessible abstract and data-availability statement describe a synthesis of existing work, with no new experimental data. Full text was not reviewed.

CAFIA reported a repeated recall at Kaufland. The affected stock had been removed on 9 October, before inspections on 14 October. The notice concerns previously recalled products, not a newly identified contamination source.

The statement found surveillance broadly reassuring, causality difficult, long-term harm unlikely on available evidence and safe ARA alternatives available, while insisting cereulide should not exceed trace levels and methods must improve.

A manufacturer said its European ARA source was unaffected and that B. cereus control during fermentation made finished-product cereulide testing unnecessary.

In spiked reconstituted formula, ISO-style and QuEChERS methods recovered 90.6% and 100.1%, with RSDs of 9.7% and 2.3%; external calibration and one commercial formula were used.

warning highlighted raw-material toxin findings and formula remaining in households after retail withdrawal.

Update 5 added batch 53390346AB and consolidated Irish batch scope.

lots 101464106 and 101483730 were recalled to align with revised EFSA cereulide guidance.

Irish-produced lots 111470148 and 111516272 were recalled under revised EFSA guidance.

lot 101489727 was recalled under revised EFSA guidance.

Confirmed registry claim: an ISO 17043-accredited provider offered a two-material infant-formula PT, one spiked and one commercially contaminated, requiring LOQ ≤1 µg/kg.

Confirmed catalog claim only: 13C6-cereulide solution is marketed as TraceCERT material with lot-specific certification documentation.

Confirmed catalog claim only: native and isotope-labelled cereulide standards are commercially listed in solution and solid forms.

a deputy alleged ANSES had documented general ingestion dangers since 2021; the nominee did not validate an ARA-specific warning and instead discussed transparency and harmonisation.